[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/od-vodnich-kapek-k-atomovym-hodinam\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/od-vodnich-kapek-k-atomovym-hodinam\/","headline":"Od vodn\u00edch kapek k atomov\u00fdm hodin\u00e1m","name":"Od vodn\u00edch kapek k atomov\u00fdm hodin\u00e1m","description":"Prav\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9 netu\u0161ili nic o fyzice, pohybu planet, ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed Zem\u011b \u010di o veli\u010din\u011b, kter\u00e9 se dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u010das. P\u0159esto \u017eili vesm\u011bs spokojen\u011b. Nechodili do zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, proto kdy\u017e sp\u011bchali, tak jedin\u011b za dobr\u00fdm \u00falovkem. A k tomu jim sta\u010dilo slunce. Kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo objevovat na v\u00fdchod\u011b, byl \u010das vst\u00e1vat, kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo ztr\u00e1cet na z\u00e1pad\u011b, byl \u010das...","datePublished":"2019-11-07","dateModified":"2023-06-02","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4faace62981be50719be6a25151192978e6d585737a520836dcb98934de3bb45?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4faace62981be50719be6a25151192978e6d585737a520836dcb98934de3bb45?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"hrazdila.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a361014_w3391_t1574522345.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a361014_w3391_t1574522345.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/od-vodnich-kapek-k-atomovym-hodinam\/","about":["Technika\r"],"wordCount":750,"articleBody":"Prav\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9 netu\u0161ili nic o fyzice, pohybu planet, ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed Zem\u011b \u010di o veli\u010din\u011b, kter\u00e9 se dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u010das. P\u0159esto \u017eili vesm\u011bs spokojen\u011b. Nechodili do zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, proto kdy\u017e sp\u011bchali, tak jedin\u011b za dobr\u00fdm \u00falovkem. A k tomu jim sta\u010dilo slunce. Kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo objevovat na v\u00fdchod\u011b, byl \u010das vst\u00e1vat, kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo ztr\u00e1cet na z\u00e1pad\u011b, byl \u010das j\u00edt sp\u00e1t. Tento jednoduch\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus vydr\u017eel lidem pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho. U\u017e od prav\u011bku tak lid\u00e9 znali dva \u010dasov\u00e9 \u00faseky. Prvn\u00edm byl den od v\u00fdchodu po z\u00e1pad slunce a druh\u00fdm m\u011bs\u00edc zna\u010d\u00edc\u00ed noc.\tVodn\u00ed hodiny\t \tJi\u017e prav\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9 si v\u0161imli zm\u011bn ve tvaru m\u011bs\u00edce, ale teprve ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159esn\u00fdm z\u00e1znam\u016fm pohybu m\u011bs\u00edce a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed prvn\u00edho p\u0159esn\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e. Ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k objevu vodn\u00edch hodin, kdy se \u010das m\u011b\u0159il pomoc\u00ed po\u010dtu kapek. \u0160lo o v\u0161ak o pom\u011brn\u011b nep\u0159esn\u00fd zp\u016fsob m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.\tP\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00ed hodiny\t \tMnohem p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byly p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00ed hodiny. Existence t\u011bchto hodin se odhaduje na obdob\u00ed kolem jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, ale d\u016fkazy o pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00edch hodin poch\u00e1zej\u00ed a\u017e ze stolet\u00ed \u010dtrn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho.\t\tMechanick\u00e9 hodiny\t \tVe stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b jako p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00ed hodiny se objevuj\u00ed i prvn\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 hodiny. Potvrzenou existenci mechanick\u00fdch hodin datuj\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 na konec t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Tehdy se prokazateln\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaly ve francouzsk\u00fdch a anglick\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161terech. Byly ale velmi nespolehliv\u00e9, proto\u017ee m\u011bly velmi nep\u0159esn\u00fd oscil\u00e1tor. Teprve s vyu\u017eit\u00edm kyvadla a pozd\u011bji pru\u017einy jako oscil\u00e1toru, do\u0161lo k z\u00e1sadn\u00edmu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159esnosti i spolehlivosti mechanick\u00fdch hodin.\tMechanick\u00e9 hodiny se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z oscil\u00e1toru (lih\u00fd\u0159, kyvadlo, pru\u017eina), zdroje energie, po\u010d\u00edtac\u00edho a indika\u010dn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.\t\u010cas a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 revoluce\t \tPr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 revoluce a objevy v elektrotechnice m\u011bly v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vliv i na modernizaci zp\u016fsobu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu. V roce 1831 objevil Michael Faraday elektromagnetickou indukci, magnetick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 silo\u010d\u00e1ry. To byl jenom skok k objevu stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho elektromotoru v roce 1873 Z\u00e9nobe Grammem a modern\u00ed pohon ur\u010den\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro v\u011b\u017en\u00ed hodiny byl na sv\u011bt\u011b. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byl do v\u011bt\u0161iny tov\u00e1ren zaveden syst\u00e9m pulsn\u00edch hodin, kdy z jednoho bodu tzv. centr\u00e1ln\u00edch hodin byl po kabelech vysl\u00e1n impuls, kter\u00fd spustil elektromagnet v podru\u017en\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na des\u00edtk\u00e1ch m\u00edst. Elektromagnet pak posunul ru\u010di\u010dky hodin o jednu minutu. Tak byl zaji\u0161t\u011bn stejn\u00fd \u010das na v\u0161ech hodin\u00e1ch po cel\u00e9 fabrice.\tProslul\u00e9 digit\u00e1lky a \u010das atomu\t \tObjev polovodi\u010d\u016f ve \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch a  pades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed vedl k pokusu o p\u0159evratnou zm\u011bnu v m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu. Tedy pokusit se mechanick\u00e9 hodiny a hodinky nechat historii a m\u011b\u0159it \u010das pomoc\u00ed \u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00fd vy\u0161le impuls displeji z tekut\u00fdch krystal\u016f. Skute\u010dn\u011b do\u0161lo k obrovsk\u00e9mu boomu, kdy v sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch a osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech byly tzv. „digit\u00e1lky“ velk\u00fdm hitem. Nejen, \u017ee m\u011b\u0159ily \u010das, ale m\u011bly tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed funkce jako datum, stopky, kalkula\u010dku \u010di zvukov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly.\tZ\u00e1rove\u0148 s v\u00fdvojem polovodi\u010d\u016f byl objeven princip m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed spinu jadern\u00fdch proton\u016f a v roce 1945 navr\u017eeno tzv. „kosmick\u00e9 kyvadlo“, tedy atomov\u00e9 hodiny. Zat\u00edmco digit\u00e1ln\u00ed hodiny nach\u00e1zej\u00ed dnes pou\u017eit\u00ed pouze ve form\u011b velk\u00fdch hodin ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostoru, atomov\u00e9 hodiny funguj\u00ed dodnes a pomoc\u00ed sign\u00e1lu GPS zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, aby v\u0161echny hodiny, hodinky a bud\u00edky s p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010dem GPS m\u011bly p\u0159esn\u00fd \u010das.\tFaktem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee i p\u0159es obrovsk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, objev polovodi\u010d\u016f, integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f, \u010dernob\u00edl\u00fdch a barevn\u00fdch displej\u016f, z\u016fstaly mechanick\u00e9 hodinky popul\u00e1rn\u00edmi dodnes. Zdrojem energie je sice baterie, ale mechanick\u00fd princip z\u016fstal stejn\u00fd.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.8\/5 - (13 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Od vodn\u00edch kapek k atomov\u00fdm hodin\u00e1m","item":"https:\/\/www.hrazdila.cz\/od-vodnich-kapek-k-atomovym-hodinam\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]